Communications Process Essays - Behavior, Communication,

Communications Process The communication process is used in every kind of relationship. It could be in a friendship, an acquantance, a significant other, a family, and many more. I found out these processes can be harder than you think three years ago. My father got remarried and I was forced to become up close and personal with complete strangers, my stepfamily. The communication process language in my stepfamily describes the concepts and ideas of the transactional communication model and the social penetration theory. The transactional communication model is used daily in my household. Although, the messages are not always successfully sent nor received along the channels due to major amounts of noise. It is hard to have a shared meaning when you have five strong, new opinions in a family. For instance, my stepsister might be trying to tell me her side of a story but my stepbrother will interrupt the message with external and semantic noise. Therefore, enabling me to decode correctly and send appropriate feedback to reach a shared meaning. This happens a lot in my stepfamily. We have "family meetings" that are supposed to help us listen to one another and drown unnecessary noises. These meetings are not as triumphant as they could be because we all have difficulty with self-disclosure. I personally find myself withholding, masking, not displaying, and not describing my feelings with my stepfamily. We are all just getting to know each other so, I think, we are still in the sharing of biographical d ata and personal ideas. I know in particular, with my stepsister, that I can not achieve the level of sharing my feelings any time soon. I believe that we both messed up and went against the "guidelines for appropriate self-disclosure" because we opened up too much, too fast without having full trust or knowing that it would be reciprocated. On the other hand I have a wonderful relationship with my father. He and I express our thoughts and feelings openly about everything. It wasn't always so open though. Like most men, my dad had trouble disclosing his feelings. Fortunately, he and I overcame that obstacle together, because I wasn't good at it either. It took a lot of time and effort to get our relationship to where it is today but it was worth it. The communication process is not yet perfected in my stepfamily but then again is it perfected with any relationship? Who's to say if it is or isn't, as long as it works for the individual. I hope one day that everyone in my stepfamily will be able to reach the point where we can disclose ourselves to each other. Until then, we will go on with our cycle of sending, receiving, encoding, decoding, and just trying to get along. The communication process is used in every kind of relationship. It could be in a friendship, an acquantance, a significant other, a family, and many more. I found out these processes can be harder than you think three years ago. My father got remarried and I was forced to become up close and personal with complete strangers, my stepfamily. The communication process language in my stepfamily describes the concepts and ideas of the transactional communication model and the social penetration theory. The transactional communication model is used daily in my household. Although, the messages are not always successfully sent nor received along the channels due to major amounts of noise. It is hard to have a shared meaning when you have five strong, new opinions in a family. For instance, my stepsister might be trying to tell me her side of a story but my stepbrother will interrupt the message with external and semantic noise. Therefore, enabling me to decode correctly and send appropriate feedback to reach a shared meaning. This happens a lot in my stepfamily. We have "family meetings" that are supposed to help us listen to one another and drown unnecessary noises. These meetings are not as triumphant as they could be because we all have difficulty with self-disclosure. I personally find myself withholding, masking, not displaying, and not describing my feelings with my stepfamily. We are all just getting to know each other so, I think, we are

semiconductors essays

semiconductors essays The Best type of conductors have only one valence electron. Examples of these types of conductors are silver, copper, and gold. The best type of insulators have 8 electrons. A semiconductor is an element with electrical properties between both those of a conductor and those of an insulator. Semiconductors have four valence electrons. Germanium was the only element used to make semiconductor years ago. However, excessive reverse current was unable to be figured out by engineers which eventually lead them to becoming obsolete in electronics today. The main semiconductor used today is silicon, which is the second most abundant element on the earth besides oxygen. Without silicon, the world we live in today would be completely different. For silicon is used in every computer system, telecommunication system, etc. in the world. The ability to increase the conductivity of a semiconductor is called doping. Doping a semiconductor is called an extrinsic semiconductor. There are two types of extrinsic semiconductors. The n-type semiconductor and the p-type semiconductor. When the n-type is connected to the negative source and the p-type is connected to the positive source this creates forward bias. When there is forward bias the current conducts easily. For example on the diode curve in experiment number 1. If the source voltage is greater than .7V, a silicon diode allows a continuous flow of current in a forward direction. (See Figure 1.) If you would switch the DC source around you would get reverse bias. When there is reverse bias there is a surface leakage. The current barely conducts and is approximately zero in a silicon diode. ...

Ethical Leadership Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethical Leadership - Coursework Example When faced by a tricky situation, one needs to interpret it before considering the factors that are relevant to the situation. In many cases, lack of experience in a given situation can cause dilemma and often there is an anticipation of harm from the consequences of the decision made. In such a case, a SNCO needs to consider the second and third order consequences before settling for a given decision. Additionally, the SNCO should put principle first, purpose second, and then people last to avoid the dilemma inherent in the competing values. The SNCO has to make an evaluation of the decision using Toner’s six tests. Toner suggests that the decision should not be embarrassing, discrediting, nor humiliating the SNCO if scrutinized by the public. Moreover, it would have better be an act that the SNCO is proud of and would expect approval from everybody. In general, the result of the decision should be anticipated to be positive (Toner 2003). At this point, the SNCO is prepared e nough to implement the decision settled for. To ensure that the decision made is at work, continuous monitoring is necessary. As it is common practice, subordinates look up to the leaders and hence the SNCO has no other option other than to promote an ethical environment by rewarding those who uphold ethics and punishing those who contravene the code of ethics. Ethical decision-making is grounded on the ability of a SNCO to think critically. When interpreting a situation, one has to consider the personal and organizational ethics, something that involves critical thinking and when considering the factors that are relevant to the situation, a SNCO will realize that not all situations are provided with clearly set policies and procedures on how to handle them. Intrinsically, for an ethical decision to be made the SNCO’s critical thinking needs to be engaged when determining the appropriate action for a

Critical review on norther canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical review on norther canada - Essay Example He is one of the most qualified and eminent scientists of fresh water today. Professor John P. Smol is a professor in the Department of Biology and also chairs Environmental Change at Queen’s University. He has rested his entire career to the study of environment and problems related. His work has been widely used in acid-rain debates and in studies related to global environmental change. He has written more than 230 publications and will soon publish his thirteenth book related to environmental issues. In the last ten years he has been awarded 18 medals, fellowships and various prizes for his phenomenal contribution. The article throws light on the impact of climate warming on the Arctic over the North America, Eurasian Arcitic and other polar regions. The authors stress that Arctic is high latitude system which has come under threat due to warm climate and human-caused environmental activities. The paper seeks to refute claims and the widely believed perception that Arctic l akes, ponds and rivers are immune from the impact of activities undertaken by humans. It is explained how changing albeta and cold water biota make them sensitive to climate changes and green house warming only accelerates the process. They suspect Arctic Aquatic fauna to comprise of a high concentration of contaminants due to changes in its lakes and rivers over the years. The purpose of the paper is to point out the gravity of impact of human activities on the Arctic and it is way more than most environmental mangers predict. The authors cite Sprague’s (2006) work â€Å"Great wet north? Canada's myth of water abundance† in pointing out that the flowery stories planted by Canadian media and politicians over abundance of water in the region are a fluke. Sprague’s work is correctly quoted to correct the false impressions people have about the country’s water resources. The biggest strength of this paper is the consistency of the work. The authors of the pa per do not digress. This assertion is repeated again with a plausible concern in the end when Krummel’s (2003) work is cited to explain why in high latitude regions politicians tend to ignore environmental problem. It is well illustrated with a lot of pictures and graphs. The article is well supported with a lot of correctly cited statistical references. For instance, the authors point out Brunskill’s hydrological figures when stating that most lakes in the north have less than one percent of their water replaced every year. However, there are places, where the authors could have gotten into more insight for instance they assert that high exposure to ultra-violet rays can inflict a lot of harm to the DNA in phytoplankton’s and zoo-planktons. Hessen and Williamsons work from the nineties is quoted but without any further explanation. When I piqued through their work, I figured they had also explained how and what causes the damage. Again while specifying how snow cover affects lake properties, they point out by citing Sorwari’s (2003) workthat snow cover can have huge limonological implication. But they failed to cover what kind of limonological limitations? These were some of the minor glitches in the otherwise well researched paper. The authors made it a point to use most of the latest references which was a major plus point. There were only a few places where they had referenced all the way back to papers from 1980s- Carmouse (1983) and Prowse (1985) to name a

Ventilation Activities Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ventilation Activities - Assignment Example When making a ventilation hole, the smallest size for a commercial building should be 4X4 feet. If the roof is panelized, the crew should not make the hole right over the fire; instead, it should be made as close to the fire as safety permits. In the case of a single family residence, the hole needs to be 2X4 feet. Crews need to make sure they stay focused on the fire burning, as well as the pressure they are venting. They also need to make sure that the ventilation hole is large enough. The wind should remain at the backs of the crew so the smoke will not be directly inhaled. When they have completed making the ventilation hole, they should then report back to the Incident Commander (Structural Fire Attack). Anytime personnel go to the roof, they are to assure two "IDENTIFIED ESCAPE ROUTES" are in place. In some cases, the building may have a built-in ladder that can be used as a secondary escape route, or the crews may be able to exit to another building that has a separate roof. Crews operating on a roof are to have a minimum of 1 sounding device, 1 pike pole, 1 chainsaw, and a portable radio. When cutting a ventilation hole, crews should be aware of fire burning at the edge of the hole or smoke venting under pressure. If this occurs, the ventilation hole has not been cut large enough.

Young People And Crime Criminology Essay

Young People And Crime Criminology Essay The application by criminologists of the ideas summarised in this chapter tends to manifest in the form of multifactorial explanations for youth crime. However, in doing this, criminologists generally refrain from presenting a hierarchy of causes. The result is that immediate causes are cited (such as unemployment, racism, labelling, poor schooling), and reformist measures are advocated (such as training schemes, alternative school), but rarely are substantial changes to the social structure as a whole demanded. For those who wish to see major social change occurring, the questions of power and social interests are of paramount importance. Where multiple factors are at the foreground of analysis, the tendency is to respond to the phenomenon of youth crime through emphasis on developing specific projects and programs, More radical perspectives view such proposals as very limiting, unless they are linked directly to a wider politics of social change.   Critically examine how well criminological theory links with policy responses to juvenile crime. Illustrate your answer by reference to theory, a juvenile justice issue and a policy response.    When young people commit crimes, it is rarely seen that people ask the question why did they do this? The tendency is to respond to these acts by training schemes or to send the youths to alternative schools. The phenomenon of youth crime is responded to through an emphasis on developing programs and projects. Rarely are substantial changes as a whole demanded of the social structure. The root causes should be tackled effectively while the hierarchy are simultaneously attended to causes along the way with due priorities. A juvenile justice issue that is of importance in youth crime at the moment is young men and violence. There are many policy responses to this issue as there are many different causes to the problem. By analysing the many different reasons as to why the young men become violent, substantial changes can be made slowly to the social structure. This essay will demonstrate how criminological theory links to policy responses for young men and violence. There are many theories and explanations put forward as to why juveniles offend and commit crimes. These range from perspectives that emphasise individual offender choice whether to offend, through to those that emphasise social factors such as poverty, limited employment opportunities, and school performance in shaping juvenile criminal acts (Cunneen, White. 2007). These theories vary considerably. The classical theory and the individual choice is based on the purpose of punishment within the law is to deter individuals from impinging upon and violating others rights and interests. As individuals we are seen to have equal capacity to reason, and so we are seen responsible for our own actions. Thus the classical criminal policy focuses primarily on the criminal act and suggests equal punishments for equal crime. The positivism theory is that behaviour is determined. Individual behaviour is shaped by factors such as physiology, personality, social upbringing and others. The focus is on the individuals, who are seen to require treatment since they are not necessarily responsible for their criminality. Positivists concentrate on the offender and the offenders characteristics. A sociological perspective argues that in order to understand that nature and occurrence of crime, we need to look at the structure of the society that moulds and shapes culture and behaviour. Individual action is thus attributable to social causes, and crime can be seen as a matter of social pathology. Acts of violence have terrible and costly results for everyone involved, including families, communities, and society. Violence is a major part of some peoples lives, especially young mens lives (Cameron, 2000). Violence in the family has been made visible over the last 3 decades, largely as a result of enquires into domestic violence and child abuse. According to an article printed by the Australian Institute of Criminology about young men and violence statistics found that 6.2% of Australian women experienced either physical or sexual violence by a male perpetrator. These statistics are also an indication of the extent of violence towards children in families. Violence is characteristic of many families, and it has implications for how young men grow up, violence is learnt. In 1990, the National Committee on Violence referred to families as the training ground for violence. The Womens Safety Survey also found that 38 per cent of women who experienced violence by a current partner, and 46 per cent of women who had experienced violence by a former partner, said their children had witnessed violence (Cameron, 2000). Experiences early in life must have some influence on young men who exhibit evidence of violence later in life. Young men between the ages of 20 and 24 experience the highest rate of assault compared with the rest of the population. Not all families or young men are violent. Certain risk factors indicate the likelihood of behaving aggressively or engaging in violence. These include, having a history of violent behaviour, being male, being a young adult, having experienced difficulties in childhood, including inadequate parenting, troubled relationships within the family, low levels of school achievement, having problems of psychotropic substance abuse, especially problematic alcohol use and having severe mental illness, the symptoms of which are not being identified or controlled. Violence in the family is no longer considered a private issue. Moreov er, it has implications for broader social policies. Some young men are involved in a culture of violence, well beyond issues concerning the family. In 1998, almost 60 per cent of recorded assaults occurred outside of residences. Alcohol plays a part in a significant number of these offences. Some young men enjoy a fight; a fight can result from a trivial incident. Fights can relate to illegal activities, such as drug dealing, that do not allow young men to resort to legitimate forms of conflict resolution. As a result, groups may develop for protection. As members become hardened, for example, by experience in jail, they may view the world as consisting of the strong and the weak, and as a place of conflict and struggle. They ritualistically convey their ruthlessness and act brutally. In some instances, groups or gangs have emerged around issues of ethnic solidarity. While groups or gangs may emerge as a result of illicit activities, this is not always the case. Young men may feel safe in groups, and when police see three or more young men together they may define them as a gang. Violence occurs at school. Although Australia is fortunate enough to have been spared the school yard shootings, less lethal forms of violence are not uncommon. Bullying may or may not be intended to hurt and may take the form of physical, non-physical, or non-verbal action undertaken by the bully or by someone co-opted to do so. Bullying is hurtful and may have health consequences. Thus juvenile crime takes several forms and shapes. There are several policy responses available to deal with juvenile crime. Many young men need advice and direction on how to behave towards women and their peers, and they want to talk to you about it. An article discussing young men and violence identified many strategies that they believed would be effective and promising for policy development towards young men (Cameron, 2000). This article identified six prevention strategies. The first prevention strategy being related to parenting, education and support. Families were characterised as a location of conflict for many young men. They reported that early in their lives parents argued and violence occurred in the family. It is important to develop programs to support families in a rapidly changing society where the structures and relationships are often not available to support parents with child rearing. Also, pre-school programs, including parenting interventions, have reduced some childrens anti-social behaviour and delinquency. A number of programs have been implemented in Australia based on these principles. The second is focusing on interventions during childhood and adolescents. Research suggests that the greatest likelihood of success results from programs implemented with children before they reach adolescence. Further, programs should target multiple risk factors, including those at the level of the community, the family, the school, and the individual/ peer, which contribute to youth violence. Interventions at this age can also reduce school-yard bullying. This is an encouraging area of research, as school-based programs that address antisocial behaviour and delinquency generally have found that parenting training and skills based training with children can be effective. Drug use amongst young men was a major issue and a cause for violence. People got involved in drug use due to peer pressure and the requirement to fit in, and youth start it without knowing the harm that would result from regular use. Intervention programs in the area of drugs are most effective when undertaken in the family setting. Young peoples involvement in drug and alcohol use usually results from peer influences. Alcohol plays a significant part in violence that occurs in and around hotels. Success has been demonstrated and repeated in a significant Australian study that aimed to reduce the level of violence related to alcohol in and around licensed premises. By reducing, promotional activities which had brought about binge drinking and high levels of drunkenness resulted in reduced levels of violence. Many youth have generally poor relationships with the police. Police need to develop an understanding of the youth culture and take young people seriously. Police also need to be more understanding and open minded on youth issues, which would lead to mutual respect. Fairness should be a part of encounters with police and in criminal justice procedures. The benefit of legitimate policing can be seen in the area of domestic violence where it has limited the amount of repeat offending. The process of policing may have implications for how people see themselves in the broader society, and may result in compliance if they are considered to share values. The most common reason that violence does occur amongst youths is anger issues. Violence counselling or anger management services can also assist young men to break the cycle of violence. A number of Australian anger management programs are in place to assist young men, although the successes of these are unclear. This area of intervention is in early stages of development where considerable attention is being devoted to program development. Counselling and mentoring programs have shown promising rewards. Multi-systemic therapy programs individually tailored for the particular needs of young offenders, which include family, peer, school, and community interventions, have been demonstrated to reduce the level of reoffending. There also appears to be an effect on reducing violence, as there was also a reduction in the frequency of hitting someone. When violence occurs in the family or when the young men felt explosive and possibly violent and a danger to others, they said they did not have anywhere to turn. The sixth violence prevention strategy is creating recreational and sporting areas for youth to go to if when they have nowhere else to turn to. Recreation and sport are legitimate ways to expend energy. Young men would benefit from accessing to sporting and recreational facilities, such as skating parks and bicycle tracks. The success of the introduction of recreational activities as a means of stopping violence has not been assessed. The above policy responses are appropriate intervention strategies to help prevent young men from associating with violence. These policy responses are linked to one or more of the criminological theories in the juvenile justice system. The main criminological theories that are linked to these policy responses are the classical theory and individual choice; the positivism and individual criminal behaviour; and the sociological theories. While more than one of the response outlined are necessary in most instances, the policy response of parenting, education and support is one of better ones because it addressed the hierarchy of causes. A main reason that youths associate with violence is because they have not had a good upbringing in their homes. They have not had a pleasant and peaceful environment at home were family values and social norms are introduced and nurtured. Instead they grew up in a family which more than discouraged encouraged violence. Despite the fact that this policy response shows that it is difficult to introduce a program which demonstrates effectiveness in improving behaviour of adults, it in many ways assists young men in improving their own behaviour. It is important to develop programs to support families in a rapidly changing society where the structures and relationships are often not available to support parents (Cameron, 2000). This intervention has multiple factors and responded through specific projects and programs. However it did not identify and arrange the hierarchy of cause and responded to with a social structural change. Such structural change would include the families changing their behaviour, anger management and improving the relations with police, both sides taking responsibility and respecting each others rights and obligations. This should help eliminate all known factors of youth offending activates. The policy responses of the juvenile justice issue of young men and violence are closely linked to the criminological theories. However they are not addressing collectively the hierarchy of causes of violence of young men they are not linked to the wider politics of social change. REFERNCES: Cameron, M. (June 2000). Young men and Violence Prevention. Australian Institute of Criminolgy. No. 154. Chris, C White, R. Juvenile justice, youth and crime in Austrlalia. Third Edition.

Oedipus Rex †The Conflict, Climax and Resolution Essay -- Oedipus the

Oedipus Rex – The Conflict, Climax and Resolution  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Sophocles’ tragic drama, Oedipus Rex, presents to the reader a full range of conflicts and their resolution after a climax.    Thomas Van Nortwick in The Meaning of a Masculine Life describes Oedipus’ tragic flaw:    As ruler, he is a father to Thebes and its citizens, and like a father he will take care of his â€Å"children.† We see already the supreme self-confidence and ease of command in Oedipus, who can address not only other people’s children as his own, but also be a father to men older than he is. But beyond even this there is, in the sretched posture of the citizens, the hint of prostration before a deity. We are â€Å"clinging to your altars,† says the priest. . . . That he also exudes a godlike mastery in the eyes of his subjects only strengthens the heroic portrait. . . .(21-22).    The â€Å"godlike mastery† to which Van Nortwick refers is the same mastery which Creon in his final lines designates as the cause of the tragic dimension in the life of the protagonist: â€Å"Crave not mastery in all, /For the mastery that raised thee was thy bane and wrought thy fall.† Oedipus’ total mastery of the investigation resultant from the Delphic oracle’s declaration, yes, his forceful â€Å"railroading† of the investigation against the wishes of Jocasta, Teiresias, the messenger and the shepherd, ultimately spells the downfall of King Oedipus.      Abrams says that the conflict is between the protagonist and antagonist (225). Is the antagoinst within Oedipus in the form of his â€Å"godlike mastery,† as Creon believed? Or is the antagonist weird/wyrd/fate, so that the oracle demonstrated the gods’ power to predestine their creatures? Frank B. Jevons in â€Å"In... ...shers, 1999.    Benardete, Seth. â€Å"Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus.† In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Ehrenberg, Victor. â€Å"Sophoclean Rulers: Oedipus.† In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. O’Brien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Jevons, Frank B.   â€Å"In Sophoclean Tragedy, Humans Create Their Own Fate.† In Readings on Sophocles, edited by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1997.    Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. no pag. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi    Van Nortwick, Thomas.   Oedipus: The Meaning of a Masculine Life. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998. Oedipus Rex – The Conflict, Climax and Resolution Essay -- Oedipus the Oedipus Rex – The Conflict, Climax and Resolution  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Sophocles’ tragic drama, Oedipus Rex, presents to the reader a full range of conflicts and their resolution after a climax.    Thomas Van Nortwick in The Meaning of a Masculine Life describes Oedipus’ tragic flaw:    As ruler, he is a father to Thebes and its citizens, and like a father he will take care of his â€Å"children.† We see already the supreme self-confidence and ease of command in Oedipus, who can address not only other people’s children as his own, but also be a father to men older than he is. But beyond even this there is, in the sretched posture of the citizens, the hint of prostration before a deity. We are â€Å"clinging to your altars,† says the priest. . . . That he also exudes a godlike mastery in the eyes of his subjects only strengthens the heroic portrait. . . .(21-22).    The â€Å"godlike mastery† to which Van Nortwick refers is the same mastery which Creon in his final lines designates as the cause of the tragic dimension in the life of the protagonist: â€Å"Crave not mastery in all, /For the mastery that raised thee was thy bane and wrought thy fall.† Oedipus’ total mastery of the investigation resultant from the Delphic oracle’s declaration, yes, his forceful â€Å"railroading† of the investigation against the wishes of Jocasta, Teiresias, the messenger and the shepherd, ultimately spells the downfall of King Oedipus.      Abrams says that the conflict is between the protagonist and antagonist (225). Is the antagoinst within Oedipus in the form of his â€Å"godlike mastery,† as Creon believed? Or is the antagonist weird/wyrd/fate, so that the oracle demonstrated the gods’ power to predestine their creatures? Frank B. Jevons in â€Å"In... ...shers, 1999.    Benardete, Seth. â€Å"Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus.† In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Ehrenberg, Victor. â€Å"Sophoclean Rulers: Oedipus.† In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. O’Brien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Jevons, Frank B.   â€Å"In Sophoclean Tragedy, Humans Create Their Own Fate.† In Readings on Sophocles, edited by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1997.    Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. no pag. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi    Van Nortwick, Thomas.   Oedipus: The Meaning of a Masculine Life. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.

Communication Leads to Successful Nursing Practice Essay

In this assignment, I will reflect an incident happened during my clinical placement to develop my communication skills not just theoretically but in practical facing real life environment. There is a lot of factors that may influence nursing practice. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of communication in developing nurse-patient relationship. Communication in nursing as stated by Sheldon (2004) was, â€Å"Many definitions describe [communication] as a transfer of information between a source and a receiver. In nursing, communication is a sharing of health-related information between a patient and a nurse, with both participants as sources and receivers. The information may be verbal or nonverbal, written or spoken, personal or impersonal, issue-specific, or even relationship-oriented, to name a few possibilities. â€Å". The aim of this essay is to reflect what had happen during my placement and this gives me opportunity to improve my nursing care plan, which is based on the patient’s initial valuation. David Kolb,1984 said in his book called † Experiental Learning: Experience as a Source Of Learning and Development,(Kolb, 1984)† that reflection is a way in which we examine our experiences and draw lessons from them. QIA Key Skills Support Programme(2007) added that reflection can help to bridge the gap between theory and practice and enable us to look critically at our own behaviour, the behaviour of other people and at the organizational and social context within which we operate. In my context with my event, it is important for me to improve my nurse-patient relationship in terms of communication. In this reflection essay, I am going to use Gibbs (1988) model of reflection. This model is a recognized framework that will help me to reflect what was going on during my 16 days of clinical placement in one of major government hospital. Gibbs model of reflection consist of six stages where the stages link with each other making a continuous cycle to facilitate critical thought, relating theory to practice where this model allow me to see my weaknesses and improvements during my clinical placement. Gibbs’ model of reflection encourages you to think systematically about the phases of an experience or activity, and you should use all the headings to structure your reflection (Oxford Brooks University, 2011). This model of reflection also a good brainstorming of experiences that will end up with solutions to be made and things to be fix and for us to be aware in the future. Jasper M(2003) explains in her book called † Beginning Reflective Practice – Foundations in Nursing and Health Care† that Gibbs model of reflection starts with description of the event which I will discuss in my reflection. The second stage is going to be the analysis of feelings, where I have to tell how I am feeling when that situation happened. Third stage of Gibbs is evaluation of the experience, then comes the fourth stage that is analysis. In this stage I will discuss about the event and from what sense that I can use out of that situation that I am facing in the event. Conclusion and action plan are the last two stages which later on will discuss what else could I have done and what action can I do if the situation arose again along my course in nursing and in future time. Description In this paragraph, I would like to describe what happen during my clinical placement. I was selected to be in the female surgical ward in one of the government major hospital for my first clinical placement. The ward dealing with pre-operative, post-operative patients and orthopedic patients. The ward is divided into four cubicles which each of the two controlled by different unit; operative care unit and orthopedic unit. So, came this morning when me and my colleagues join the qualified nurses do their passing patients report, a family member of a patient name Ms. A approached me and complains that her daughter felt pain at her abdominal area. Ms. A is a 22-year-old young lady who has been diagnosed with colorectal cancer, (colorectal cancer occurs when tumors formed in the lining of the large intestine, also called the large bowel – National Cancer Institute,2003) as a result, giving her cramp feeling in the abdominal area, vomiting and change in bowel movements. She is in a nursing special care called palliative care,(palliative care – an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual – WHO 2011) as her cancer was in incurable stage. I, as the student nurse immediately followed my mentor with few qualified nurses as they heard Ms.  A who was screaming continuously as she claims her pain was unbearable. It was my first time seeing or even hearing someone in that much pain, so I stood near her bedside and just look at the qualified nurses assess her after I introduced myself as student nurse. Effective communication is vital, as what have been stated in NursingTimes(2007) † Failure to communicate well with a patient right away will destroy the delicate n urse/patient relationship and mean the patient does not trust the nurse. † Feeling Here, I would discuss the feeling and thinking that I had when I was in the situation. First I introduced myself to Ms. A as I need to build a good rapport with Ms. A so she won’t feel awkward and panicked with my presence with other qualified nurses. Like Crellin. K (1998) said in her 11 Ways To Built Rapport article, â€Å"Taking time to establish a rapport with them can help them cope and improve their willingness in cooperate with the treatment†. I was shocked and stood near her as she can’t stand with her abdominal pain. There is limited skills that I can do to help Ms. A during that time as I am still new in the environment. I were taught to ask Ms. A condition and asisst her to calm down by communicating with her. Evaluation In my evaluation, I feel that I did the right thing to attend Mrs. A and help the qualified nurses dong their task by communicating and be an empathic listener (emphatic listener is a way of listening and responding to another person that improves mutual understanding and trust, Richard. S 2003) and active listener so that she feels safe and know that someone care about her other than her family. As said by Richard Salem(2003), Emphatic listening will build trust and respects and creates safe environment that is conducive to collaborative problem solving. So, these control her emotionally to make her to calm down and get back to her stable condition. The doctor who attend her indirectly taught me how to make Ms. A to calm down, by facing a challenging speaker who was in pain. The key to active listening is relaxed attention – to listen with my whole body by using verbal and non-verbal skill like facing the speaker(patient) and maintaining eye contact with them (University of Maine,1914). Analysis To analyse of what happened, the factors that affect my communication with Ms. A was her unbearable pain. Effective communication and act as a professional were quite difficult as I never had a long conversation with her except for asking permission for assessing her vital signs which were temperature, blood pressure and breathing rate. Active listening also needed in this context as it help the speaker clarify what they are saying and makes them feel heard and it reduces emotions that block clear thinking (University of Miane – 1914), hence it reduces her pain mentally. By listening to her, rephrasing what I heard the patient say as patient won’t be receptive to your response until her thought ,ideas and feeling are communicated and understood(U. M,1914). Conclusion To conclude this, I am sure that communication is the most important skill to have as this will lead me to a successful nursing practice in any situation. Without effective communication, I won’t be able to establish a good rapport with Ms. A and her family. As said by Sheldon, (2004) â€Å"The power of creative and effective nursing care is strengthened by good communication skills. Patients share their stories, symptoms, and concerns by talking with us. Both the spoken word and the body language convey information about the patient’s experience. Your words can do so much: put a patient at ease, set up a productive relationship, and carry out interventions. There is no other skill that is used more in nursing than communication. † and Kacperek (1997)suggested that effective communication is dependent on the nurse’s ability to listen and utilize non-verbal communication skills. Ms. A feels thankful for our presence helping her with er pain by giving painkiller right after her mother called us. Action plan If the same situation arose again, I would like to get myself prepared with any circumstances that might happen, in my case, to communicate with patients in professional way without waiting for emergency situations. Research, asking tips for good rapport and effective communication are ways to solve my communication weaknesses. Without proper communication, it is difficult to understand patient’s need. Therefore, I would like to remind myself that, effective communication is the bridge towards successful and efficient nursing practice. Therefore in nursing practice, it is essential to have the knowledge of interaction, not just practical skills like bed making, vital signs and bed bathing but well prepared with good communication skill to face any situation that we might experience anytime. Without good nurse-patient relationship being built, trust and cooperation between both parties won’t exist. As Lanette L. Anderson (n. d) â€Å"They may not remember our names, but they will remember how we treated them during a difficult time in their lives. â€Å"

African Elephant Facts

African Elephant Facts The African elephant (Loxodonta africana and Loxodonta cyclotis) is the largest land animal on the planet. Found in sub-Saharan Africa, this majestic herbivore is known for its remarkable physical adaptations as well as its intelligence. Fast Facts: African Elephants Scientific Name: Loxodonta africana and Loxodonta cyclotisCommon Names:  African elephant: savannah elephant or bush elephant and forest elephantBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 8–13 feet tall, length of 19–24 feetWeight: 6,000–13,000 poundsLifespan: 60–70 yearsDiet:  HerbivoreHabitat: Sub-Saharan AfricaPopulation: 415,000Conservation Status: Vulnerable Description There are two subspecies of African elephant: savanna or bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) and forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis). African bush elephants are lighter gray, larger, and their tusks curve outwards; the forest elephant is darker gray in color and has tusks that are straighter and point downward. Forest elephants make up about one-third to one-quarter of the total elephant population in Africa. Elephants have a number of adaptations that help them to survive. Flapping their large ears enables them to cool down in hot weather, and their large size deters predators. The elephants long trunk reaches food sources located in otherwise inaccessible places, and the trunks are also used in communication and vocalization. Their tusks, which are upper incisors that continue to grow throughout their lifetimes, can be used to strip vegetation and dig to obtain food. Habitat and Range African elephants are found throughout sub-Saharan Africa, where they typically live in plains, woodlands, and forests. They tend not to be territorial, and they roam large ranges through several habitats and across international borders. They are found in dense forests, open and closed savannas, grasslands, and in the deserts of Namibia and Mali. They range between the northern tropics to the southern temperate zones in Africa and are found at the oceans beaches and on mountain slopes and elevations everywhere in between. Elephants are habitat modifiers or ecological engineers that physically alter their environments affecting the resources and changing the ecosystems. They push over, debark, break branches and stems, and uproot trees, which causes changes in tree height, canopy cover, and species composition. Studies have shown that the changes generated by the elephants are actually quite beneficial to the ecosystem, creating an increase in total biomass (up to seven times the original), an increase in nitrogen in the content of new leaves, as well as an increase in habitat complexity and food availability. The net effect is a multilayered canopy and a continuum of leaf biomass supporting their own and other species.   Edwin Godinho / EyeEm  /  Getty Images Diet Both subspecies of African elephants are herbivores, and most of their diet (65 percent to 70 percent) consists of leaves and bark. They will also eat a wide variety of plants, including grass and fruit: Elephants are bulk feeders and require an enormous amount of food to survive, consuming an estimated 220–440 pounds of forage  daily. Access to a permanent source of water is critical- most elephants drink frequently, and they need to obtain water at least once every two days. Elephant mortality is quite high in drought-affected regions. Behavior Female African elephants form matriarchal groupings. The dominant female is the matriarch and the head of the grouping, and the rest of the group consists primarily of the females offspring. Elephants use low-frequency rumbling sounds to communicate within their groupings. In contrast, male African elephants are mostly solitary and nomadic. They temporarily associate with different matriarchal groups as they seek mating partners. Males assess each others physical prowess by play-fighting with one another. Male elephants behavior is linked to their musth period, which typically takes place during winter. During musth, male elephants secrete an oily substance called temporin from their temporal glands. Their testosterone levels are as much as six times higher than normal during this period. Elephants in musth can become aggressive and violent. The exact evolutionary cause for musth is not definitively known, though research suggests that it may be linked to the assertion and reorganization of dominance. Reproduction and Offspring Elephants are polyandrous and polygamous; mating happens year round, whenever females are in estrus. They give birth to one or rarely two live young about once every three years. Gestation periods are approximately 22 months long. Newborns weigh between 200 and 250 pounds each. They are weaned after 4 months although they may continue to take milk from the mothers as part of their diet for up to three years. Young elephants are tended by the mother and other females in the matriarchal grouping. They become fully independent at the age of eight. Female elephants reach sexual maturity at about 11 years of age; males at 20. The lifespan of an African elephant is typically between 60 and 70 years.   Patrick Robert - Corbis  /Getty Images Misconceptions Elephants are beloved creatures, but they arent always fully understood by humans. Misconception: Elephants drink water through their trunks. Truth: While elephants use their trunks in the drinking process, they dont drink through it. Instead, they use the trunk to scoop water into their mouths.Misconception: Elephants are afraid of mice. Truth: While elephants may be startled by the darting movement of mice, they have not been proven to have a specific fear of mice.Misconception: Elephants mourn their dead. Truth: Elephants demonstrate an interest in the remains of their dead, and their interactions with those remains often seem ritualistic and emotional. However, scientists have not yet determined the precise cause of this mourning process, nor have they determined the degree to which elephants understand death. Threats The main threats to the continued existence of elephants on our planet are poaching, habitat loss, and climate change. In addition to overall population loss, poaching removes a majority of bulls over the age of 30 and females over the age of 40. Animal researchers believe that the loss of older females is particularly acute, as it impacts the social networks of elephant herds. Older females are the repositories of ecological knowledge who teach calves where and how to find food and water. Although there is evidence that their social networks are restructured after the loss of the older females, orphaned calves tend to leave from their natal core groups and die alone. Poaching has decreased with the institution of international laws prohibiting them, but it does continue to be a threat to these animals. Conservation Status The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies African elephants as vulnerable, while the ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System classifies them as threatened. According to the Great Elephant Census of 2016, there are approximately 350,000 African savanna elephants located in 30 countries. Between 2011 and 2013, more than 100,000 elephants were killed, mostly by poachers seeking their tusks for ivory. The African Wildlife Foundation estimates there are 415,000 African elephants in 37 countries, including both savanna and forest subspecies, and that 8 percent are killed by poachers annually. Sunshine Seeds/Getty Images Sources Blanc, J. Loxodonta africana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T12392A3339343, 2008.Elephant. African Wildlife Foundation.  Foley, Charles A. H., and Lisa J. Faust. Rapid Population Growth in an Elephant Loxodonta Africana Population Recovering from Poaching in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania. Oryx 44.2 (2010): 205–12. Print.Goldenberg, Shifra Z., and George Wittemyer. Orphaning and Natal Group Dispersal Are Associated with Social Costs in Female Elephants. Animal Behaviour 143 (2018): 1–8. Print.Kohi, Edward M., et al. African Elephants (Loxodonta Africana) Amplify Browse Heterogeneity in African Savanna. Biotropica 43.6 (2011): 711–21. Print.McComb, Karen, et al. Matriarchs as Repositories of Social Knowledge in African Elephants. Science 292.5516 (2001): 491–94. Print.Tchamba, Martin N., et al. Plant Biomass Density as an Indicator of Food Supply for Elephants (Loxodonta Africana) in Waza National Park, Cameroon. Tropical Conservation Scie nce 7.4 (2014): 747–64. Print. The Status of African elephants. World Wildlife Magazine, Winter 2018.Wato, Yussuf A., et al. Prolonged Drought Results in Starvation of African Elephant (Loxodonta Africana). Biological Conservation 203 (2016): 89–96. Print.Wittemyer, G., and W. M. Getz. Hierarchical Dominance Structure and Social Organization in African Elephants, Loxodonta Africana. Animal Behaviour 73.4 (2007): 671–81. Print.

Chapels and Chaplains

Chapels and Chaplains Chapels and Chaplains Chapels and Chaplains By Maeve Maddox Because I think of chapel as word with distinctly Christian connotations, I was startled to hear a radio spot announcement for a â€Å"Jewish Funeral Chapel.† Naturally I headed straight for the OED. Chapel has an interesting history and several meanings, including one that can mean â€Å"any place set aside for private worship or meditation.† Chapel derives from Latin cappella, â€Å"little cloak† and took on its religious significance from a saint’s relic: the cloak of Saint Martin of Tours (316-397). Born in Hungary, Martin was conscripted into the Roman army and deployed to Gaul (now France), On his way to Amiens on a cold day, Martin came upon an nearly naked beggar. Impulsively, he whipped off his military cloak, sliced it in two with his sword, and gave half to the beggar. From a big cloak, it had become a little cloak. Martin went on to become Bishop of Tours and a saint of the Roman Catholic Church. The Merovingian kings of FranceClovis, Dagobert, Pepin and that lotpreserved what they believed to be Saint Martin’s capella. They kept it in a reliquary in a royal oratory near Tours. It was considered to be so holy that oaths were sworn on it. Sometimes it was carried into battle by the king. On those occasions, small temporary structures were built to house it; people took to calling these shelters capella, because of the little cloak that lay within. The priest who travelled with the army to look after the relic was called a cappellanu. Eventually, any priest who traveled with the military to attend to their spiritual needs was called by that name, which has evolved into the English word chaplain. A chapel can refer to a free-standing structure or a room in a house, embassy, college, school, prison, funeral home, or any other institution. It can be a place of worship for any religious group. In the 18th century, chapel referred to the meeting houses of sectarians outside the established church, such as Roman Catholics and Methodists. In Silas Marner by George Eliot, the title character belongs to a chapel in an industrial city. Chapel can also mean a religious service. For example, â€Å"All students are required to attend chapel in the auditorium on Thursdays.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to AvoidIn Search of a 4-Dot EllipsisContinue and "Continue on"

ExxonMobil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

ExxonMobil - Essay Example In 38 countries Exxon has its exploration and production utilities and in 23 countries they have the production operation. The company has 38 refineries around the world. Close to 90% chemical business of Exxon is ranked first or second in the world, and they are the market leader in this field. ExxonMobil has invested $5 billion over the last five years in technological up-gradation (About Us, n.d.) Upstream In petroleum industry upstream indicates operation like search, recovery and production of crude oil and natural gas. This sector is also known as Exploration and Production sector. Under this division ExxonMobil have the following units- Earning from the upper stream as in 2008 was recorded $35.4 billion. The return on average capital in 2008 was 54% and earning per oil-equivalent barrel was $24.67. The total liquid production and the natural production which was available for sale was 3.9 million oil equivalent per day. The upstream capital and exploration spending was $19.7 billion. The graph indicates that the earnings from the upper division have been increasing constantly. In the year 2007, the earnings were $26497 million which further increased to $35402 by the year 2008. This indicates a sharp rise of 33.61%. This was possible because of the fact that the company managed to increase their production by 3.2 billion barrel oil equivalent per year through out the last five years. The finding and the resource acquisition cost has been gone to $0.66 per barrel which might go high in the coming years. If this happens then the company’s cost of production will go high leading resulting lower earnings in the future. The portfolio of ExxonMobil is one of the largest in the world which includes several units situated in the highly diversified region like extreme deep water heavy oil/oil sand, unconventional gas, arctic, liquefied natural gas, acid on sour

Evaluating potential international relations challenges Essay

Evaluating potential international relations challenges - Essay Example From time to time, different countries have similar state interests. For instance, two countries might all want to nurture peace and commercial processes. Similarly, countries with different interests will often try to solve the conflicts (Hay, 2002). This paper will assess the potential international relations challenges and apply them to foreign policy. One of the major concerns of international relations is to examine how country behaviors and this can be examined in different levels of analysis (Hay, 2002). The system level of analysis examines states behavior in relation to other countries by looking at the international system. At this point of analysis, the intercontinental system is the source of a state’s behavior is the consequence (Dornelles, 2010). Features of the system make countries act in a given way. Transformation in the system will instigate transformation in government behavior. The main variable in the intercontinental system is the influence of a country within the organization. Some countries are influential, and others are extremely feeble (Hay, 2002). For instance, during the cold war, some countries were powerful and influential. The main cause of cold was that the USSR and U.S. were two influential countries in the region. Currently, other states define the performance of all countries in the region (Dornelles, 2010). Therefore, this level of analysis may rationalize the US involvement in Iraq as a powerful government and only influential government, activating its strength to law enforcement agency of the domain against countries that intimidate them. The states preserve its dominance by destroying all its challenges (Hay, 2002). The state level of analysis looks at a countries’ behavior in relation to its foreign policy. For example, all democratic states have a certain manner of behaving towards other democratic states (Hay, 2002). Other researchers argue that the different conducts of strong or weak countries influence